Abstract: In recent years, due to special environmental conditions, the south polar region of the Moon has gradually become a focus for the lunar landing exploration. In the future, lunar exploration in the south-polar region will be carried out, and the detectors will be affected by the complex environment on the lunar surface. The Moon revolving around the earth will encounter different space plasma environments. The environments that have an impact on the surface charging of the detectors mainly include the solar wind environment, the magnetosheath environment, and the plasma sheet environment. The potential distribution on and near the lunar rover under different space plasma conditions was calculated, and the reasons for the formation of the potential distribution were analyzed. Moreover, a simulation model of a typical crater was established to explore the distribution of different charged particles near the crater and the migration characteristics of dust particles. This study will deepen our understanding of the lunar polar environment and provide theoretical reference for the environmental issues encountered in future lunar exploration activities.